The end of the period called "medieval" has long been disrepute.
Michelet sees with the eyes of the time, the late Middle Ages, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries so as negative as the other centuries. "They see Jeanne d'Arc and say" Who is that girl? "," "The goldsmith dominates the architecture. The old Gothic church, in extremis, surrounded by small ornaments, curls, lace, etc. ... she grew smart and is pretty ". For him as for his contemporary Jakob Burckhardt, the dark Middle Ages is opposed to a renaissance that saw him as the emergence of the individual and modern thought. The focus on the Middle Ages and continues today behind often bore the admiration that has been apparent for his "primitivism." The period from 1300 to 1500 is it still seen as a long decline accompanied by calamities and religious anxieties. It is this look that still dominates in representation, even in school curricula.
The reality of the late Middle Ages were quite different, rather it is a time of great change, dynamism and path to our modern world today. Northern Europe, including the Flemish-Burgundian world was an essential element, was important, even pioneering in this movement, so much so that we talk sometimes rightly, of Northern Renaissance.
The Burgundian State.
The period of the Burgundian state corresponds to erasure of the ideas of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy universal. The Empire has hardly any actual reality since the death of Frederick II in 1250, despite companies turning into a disaster as the expedition of Louis of Bavaria in 1324. Empire occupies an important place only in the collective imagination, including that of the literati. Dante is a supporter of the Emperor and even in XV century, Nicolas of Cusa wrote that the Emperor is God's representative on earth and the lord of the world. The Papacy is also very weak. Disrepute by the installation of the Popes in Avignon from 1309, it is increasingly challenged, a situation that will lead to the Great Schism of the West from 1378, when the West will have two or even at a time three popes until 1417. It will emerge weakened and challenged the Pope loses its power in favor of church councils, a situation that will lead a century later to the Reformation. European states claim to be more openly sovereign within its borders and does not depend on the Empire and Rome. From the thirteenth century, the Sicilian and French lawyers forged currency "Rex in regno suo imperator is" (the king is emperor in his kingdom "). We see that this time the Western states were more accountable to higher guardianship.
The reality of the late Middle Ages were quite different, rather it is a time of great change, dynamism and path to our modern world today. Northern Europe, including the Flemish-Burgundian world was an essential element, was important, even pioneering in this movement, so much so that we talk sometimes rightly, of Northern Renaissance.
The Burgundian State.
The period of the Burgundian state corresponds to erasure of the ideas of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy universal. The Empire has hardly any actual reality since the death of Frederick II in 1250, despite companies turning into a disaster as the expedition of Louis of Bavaria in 1324. Empire occupies an important place only in the collective imagination, including that of the literati. Dante is a supporter of the Emperor and even in XV century, Nicolas of Cusa wrote that the Emperor is God's representative on earth and the lord of the world. The Papacy is also very weak. Disrepute by the installation of the Popes in Avignon from 1309, it is increasingly challenged, a situation that will lead to the Great Schism of the West from 1378, when the West will have two or even at a time three popes until 1417. It will emerge weakened and challenged the Pope loses its power in favor of church councils, a situation that will lead a century later to the Reformation. European states claim to be more openly sovereign within its borders and does not depend on the Empire and Rome. From the thirteenth century, the Sicilian and French lawyers forged currency "Rex in regno suo imperator is" (the king is emperor in his kingdom "). We see that this time the Western states were more accountable to higher guardianship. The Burgundian State, which was perhaps at its peak the principality's most powerful West, was born somewhat accidentally, it is not the product of a single will and consistent.
dies In 1328 Charles IV the Fair, the last direct Capetian. Philippe de Valois, from a collateral branch, becomes king. The lineal descendants (Jeanne de Navarre and the young King Edward III of England) are excluded. Because of this succession of Valois questionable situation becomes dangerous. Charles was born in 1332 in Navarre said "the evil" and in 1337 Edward III was at war against France and is the beginning of the Hundred Years War. Philip VI of Valois and his son John II suffered serious military setbacks. At Poitiers in 1356, King was captured after a disastrous battle. His younger son Philip fought valiantly at his side. In 1361 the last Duke of Burgundy, Philip of Oak dies without heirs, his estate was opened.
For John the Good, the field can not fall into the hands of suitors such as Charles the Bad. To avoid giving the impression to annex the duchy of Burgundy was given privilege to his son Philip the Bold, which has performed well in Poitiers. The prerogative is a practice of giving a younger son of King an area that revert to the Crown in the event of termination of the line. The goals are multiple, it is to avoid the intrigues of the cadets by giving them to manage a territory and a source of independent income, but also to better manage a territory at a time when the means of administration are far less extensive than at present. It seems possible to count on the loyalty of younger branches and the prospect of a return to the ring is nothing illusory in view of the mortality of the time.
The privilege has been practiced, the chances of history will make the new dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy not only de facto an independent state, but also a major European powers.
In 1382, Philip the Bold becomes Count of Flanders through a policy of alliances judicious marriage, giving a new dimension to his possessions. Flanders is in the late Middle Ages one of the richest regions of Europe (northern Italy), through trade and cloth industry, and more urbanized. The Flemish cons are very committed to the independence of their cities and have an established tradition of rebellion against the authority of their count or king. The Duke of Burgundy now has significant revenue and become very powerful.
dies In 1328 Charles IV the Fair, the last direct Capetian. Philippe de Valois, from a collateral branch, becomes king. The lineal descendants (Jeanne de Navarre and the young King Edward III of England) are excluded. Because of this succession of Valois questionable situation becomes dangerous. Charles was born in 1332 in Navarre said "the evil" and in 1337 Edward III was at war against France and is the beginning of the Hundred Years War. Philip VI of Valois and his son John II suffered serious military setbacks. At Poitiers in 1356, King was captured after a disastrous battle. His younger son Philip fought valiantly at his side. In 1361 the last Duke of Burgundy, Philip of Oak dies without heirs, his estate was opened.
For John the Good, the field can not fall into the hands of suitors such as Charles the Bad. To avoid giving the impression to annex the duchy of Burgundy was given privilege to his son Philip the Bold, which has performed well in Poitiers. The prerogative is a practice of giving a younger son of King an area that revert to the Crown in the event of termination of the line. The goals are multiple, it is to avoid the intrigues of the cadets by giving them to manage a territory and a source of independent income, but also to better manage a territory at a time when the means of administration are far less extensive than at present. It seems possible to count on the loyalty of younger branches and the prospect of a return to the ring is nothing illusory in view of the mortality of the time.
The privilege has been practiced, the chances of history will make the new dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy not only de facto an independent state, but also a major European powers.
In 1382, Philip the Bold becomes Count of Flanders through a policy of alliances judicious marriage, giving a new dimension to his possessions. Flanders is in the late Middle Ages one of the richest regions of Europe (northern Italy), through trade and cloth industry, and more urbanized. The Flemish cons are very committed to the independence of their cities and have an established tradition of rebellion against the authority of their count or king. The Duke of Burgundy now has significant revenue and become very powerful.
: Of very powerful (like "Plantagenet Empire") were reduced by the Capetian, but from 1380 and the death of Charles V, the royal power in France is very weak, a situation that will last until the year 1440. During the minority of Charles VI's uncles Jean de Berry, Louis of Anjou and Philippe le Hardi wield power for themselves and manage their principalities to their liking. Charles VI became major in 1392 but soon he is the victim of access that prevent dementia to rule effectively, the power of factions resumed. Louis d'Orleans, the main rival of the new Duke of Burgundy John the Fearless, is murdered by thugs taking orders from last novembre1407. A civil war broke out between his supporters, the Armagnacs and the Burgundians, marked by numerous atrocities. In 1415 it is the disaster of Agincourt against the English King Henry V. In 1419 the supporters of Louis d'Orleans revenge by assassinating John fearless Montereau in an interview. His son Philip the Good was twenty three years and succeeded him in disaster.
Revenge of the Burgundians is terrible and they form an alliance with Henry V. The French to sign the Treaty of Troyes in 1420 that disinherited the Dauphin in favor of Henry V and his successors. These events had a considerable importance in the history of the Burgundian state and constitute a major turning point. Burgundy becomes completely autonomous because it no longer recognizes the Valois retreated to Bourges. There is a break with the rest of the kingdom even though we can not speak of independence or commitment to the end of the sense of belonging to a French entity.
Montereau becomes the founding act of Burgundy autonomous, detached from any role in the government of France. This is no coincidence that the story of Chastellain who must write an official history of the Burgundian court, begins just after the attack in 1419. The reign of Philip the Good, which begins will be associated with full development of a world independent of Burgundy.
In 1435, however, the Burgundians and the French are reconciled to the Treaty of Arras, Philip the Good is given a tribute to the King of France during his lifetime, in exchange for a reversal of alliances at the expense of English. The Burgundian State continues to grow during this period, as evidenced by the creation of the order of knighthood of the Golden Fleece in 1430, but also the continuation of the process of territorial expansion and unification of institutions.
From early 1450 the situation became more tense.
France completes the reconquest of the kingdom over the English, Charles VII can now see that all powerful Burgundian territory is being increasingly emancipated. When Philip welcomes the Dauphin rebelled against his father, relations tend even more.
In 1452-53, the duke is facing a tough rebellion of Ghent, the most powerful of Flemish cities. The fights are horrible and it takes a year to reduce the city. The high taxation that requires the operation of the Burgundian state discontented cities that have a strong tradition of political autonomy. The Burgundian state is facing a hostile external and can not rely on the richest part of its territory, which is unsafe. Both factors should lead to the downfall of the Burgundian State in 1477. Projects starting a crusade of the Duke must be delivered. Philippe le Bon is still in favor of easing tensions.
His son and heir, Charles the Bold, has always been, he, much more hostile to the King of France. In 1465 already, He fought alongside the noble rebels during the War of the Public Good. When he succeeded Philip in 1467, Charles clearly intends to become an independent sovereign king of France and is seeking to become a monarch (negotiations with the Emperor). It will take a more focused lands the Holy Roman Empire as his father. Seeking a territorial continuity between its Flemish and Burgundian possessions, Charles conflicts with Lorraine and with the Swiss, which would be fatal, because he was killed in action before Nancy in early 1477, which ends the dream an independent Burgundian State.
If the structures and equipment State of the Burgundian State are similar to those of other states, this is not even in the realm of the imagination.
State Burgundy is a princely state, a common form in the fifteenth century, there is also the county of Savoy, and many states or imperial land French who are de facto independent (Anjou, Berry, Brittany ...) and conduct their own policy. The princely state sees itself as a defender of the nobility and the noble values and illustrated through philanthropy, art, parties. The changes resulting from the crisis of the late Middle Ages lead to the collapse some models and new forms of partnership and solidarity, the aristocracy is at the forefront of this movement. The feeling of lack of stability of the social hierarchy is the later Middle Ages a period where the past is enhanced: the forms of association (such as orders of chivalry brotherhoods) are inspired. The public ceremony will be very Burgundian marked by the imaginary chivalrous.
Montereau becomes the founding act of Burgundy autonomous, detached from any role in the government of France. This is no coincidence that the story of Chastellain who must write an official history of the Burgundian court, begins just after the attack in 1419. The reign of Philip the Good, which begins will be associated with full development of a world independent of Burgundy.
In 1435, however, the Burgundians and the French are reconciled to the Treaty of Arras, Philip the Good is given a tribute to the King of France during his lifetime, in exchange for a reversal of alliances at the expense of English. The Burgundian State continues to grow during this period, as evidenced by the creation of the order of knighthood of the Golden Fleece in 1430, but also the continuation of the process of territorial expansion and unification of institutions.
From early 1450 the situation became more tense.
France completes the reconquest of the kingdom over the English, Charles VII can now see that all powerful Burgundian territory is being increasingly emancipated. When Philip welcomes the Dauphin rebelled against his father, relations tend even more.
In 1452-53, the duke is facing a tough rebellion of Ghent, the most powerful of Flemish cities. The fights are horrible and it takes a year to reduce the city. The high taxation that requires the operation of the Burgundian state discontented cities that have a strong tradition of political autonomy. The Burgundian state is facing a hostile external and can not rely on the richest part of its territory, which is unsafe. Both factors should lead to the downfall of the Burgundian State in 1477. Projects starting a crusade of the Duke must be delivered. Philippe le Bon is still in favor of easing tensions.
His son and heir, Charles the Bold, has always been, he, much more hostile to the King of France. In 1465 already, He fought alongside the noble rebels during the War of the Public Good. When he succeeded Philip in 1467, Charles clearly intends to become an independent sovereign king of France and is seeking to become a monarch (negotiations with the Emperor). It will take a more focused lands the Holy Roman Empire as his father. Seeking a territorial continuity between its Flemish and Burgundian possessions, Charles conflicts with Lorraine and with the Swiss, which would be fatal, because he was killed in action before Nancy in early 1477, which ends the dream an independent Burgundian State.
If the structures and equipment State of the Burgundian State are similar to those of other states, this is not even in the realm of the imagination.
State Burgundy is a princely state, a common form in the fifteenth century, there is also the county of Savoy, and many states or imperial land French who are de facto independent (Anjou, Berry, Brittany ...) and conduct their own policy. The princely state sees itself as a defender of the nobility and the noble values and illustrated through philanthropy, art, parties. The changes resulting from the crisis of the late Middle Ages lead to the collapse some models and new forms of partnership and solidarity, the aristocracy is at the forefront of this movement. The feeling of lack of stability of the social hierarchy is the later Middle Ages a period where the past is enhanced: the forms of association (such as orders of chivalry brotherhoods) are inspired. The public ceremony will be very Burgundian marked by the imaginary chivalrous.
Nobility through an adjustment period.
Questioning by revolts of 1358 as the Jacquerie, accused of cowardice and incapacity (the battles of Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt), the nobility feared the growing influence of the state, the arrival of upstarts, and fears of running out of money because of his lifestyle. The reality is that the nobility "maintains and develops its leadership" in the words of one historian, but in a troubled time when the collective consciousness are dominated by anxiety and feelings of loss of social cues, cultural and religious. Mutations of the time require nobility to adapt what she does, but without its cultural system operates the same way, hence a sense of crisis of old values which seem to wither. In these circumstances, paradoxically see the ideal of the knight-errant to be stronger than ever is hardly surprising.
Questioning by revolts of 1358 as the Jacquerie, accused of cowardice and incapacity (the battles of Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt), the nobility feared the growing influence of the state, the arrival of upstarts, and fears of running out of money because of his lifestyle. The reality is that the nobility "maintains and develops its leadership" in the words of one historian, but in a troubled time when the collective consciousness are dominated by anxiety and feelings of loss of social cues, cultural and religious. Mutations of the time require nobility to adapt what she does, but without its cultural system operates the same way, hence a sense of crisis of old values which seem to wither. In these circumstances, paradoxically see the ideal of the knight-errant to be stronger than ever is hardly surprising.
The public ceremonies are often the Burgundian realm of splendor and magnificence.
Indeed, anxieties about the religious hello have, in turn, valued the earthly life and permit the development of an aristocratic culture layman who feels the need for extra reassurance and represent as a class consistently.
show his wealth, his membership in the forms of solidarity are so conspicuous behaviors shared by the entire society. All this is further enhanced by the rich lands of Burgundy and the need to forget the recent origin of the principality. Income differences, concerns and origin (between Flemish and Burgundian nobility) finally make very useful where large parties the fiction of homogeneity of the nobility is proclaimed and where integration with the Burgundian state apparatus is facilitated.
Indeed, anxieties about the religious hello have, in turn, valued the earthly life and permit the development of an aristocratic culture layman who feels the need for extra reassurance and represent as a class consistently.
show his wealth, his membership in the forms of solidarity are so conspicuous behaviors shared by the entire society. All this is further enhanced by the rich lands of Burgundy and the need to forget the recent origin of the principality. Income differences, concerns and origin (between Flemish and Burgundian nobility) finally make very useful where large parties the fiction of homogeneity of the nobility is proclaimed and where integration with the Burgundian state apparatus is facilitated.
The influence of the Burgundian court does not stop there. It plays a huge role in commissioning works of art to the best painters of the time (the brothers Van Eyck), musicians (Dufay, Ockeghem), the sculptors. Flemish cities also play an important role. On a richness that is matched in Europe only by Paris and the cities of northern Italy and the center, they want to symbolically assert their influence and importance. They also contribute greatly to the deployment of Arts and prosperous world in the Flemish and Burgundian of the time. Thus, a set of conditions is in place, which give rise to the brilliant civilization Burgundy "Banquet of the Pheasant and the Flemish Primitives.
continued ...
Waldgänger
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